Automatic calibration for MBES offsets
A new way to monitor your data
Currently, calibration of multibeam echosounders (MBES) for hydrographic surveys is based on the traditional ‘patch test’ method. This subjective method, although rigorous, has major drawbacks, such as being time-consuming (in terms of both data acquisition and processing) and supposing that potential angle misalignments can be considered as uncoupled. A new algorithmic solution, providing an objective and repeatable first step to the automation of the calibration process, is offered through the MSPAC solution.
Hydrography is essential in many marine activities:
- Ensuring navigational safety for nautical charts and dredging.
- Acquiring accurate knowledge of environmental background for offshore installations and dredging.
- Modelling the seabed for marine energy prospection.
Multibeam echosounder technology has evolved rapidly in recent years (multi-frequency, multi-swath, real time compensation, etc.), which has led to major improvements in spatial resolution and bottom coverage. To maximize benefits from these improvements, a careful calibration of the survey system has to be undertaken, but after the work carried out in the 1980s and 1990s that lead to the well-known patch test method, the subject has received limited attention. It is therefore time to move forward.
Classic patch test
The patch test decouples the three boresight angles by surveying characteristic areas following a specific pattern. For the roll angle, a flat bottom is surveyed in opposite directions. For the pitch angle, a slope or a particular seabed feature is surveyed in opposite directions. The effect of yaw is classically determined by identifying a target over a flat bottom, and surveying it from two parallel and overlapping survey tracks heading in the same direction. As an example, Figure 1 sketches the configuration needed to determine the roll boresight angles.
While this method is particularly efficient, it has a series of drawbacks such as:
- Prior knowledge of the area is required.
- Very accurate horizontal positioning is assumed.
- Boresight angle estimation is operator-dependent (manual data processing and morphology fitting).
- No estimation is made of the precision of the resolved angles.
- Only angles are resolved; lever arms are assumed to be correct.
- Latency between the IMU and multibeam is not resolved.
MSPAC solution
To address some of these shortcomings, a new calibration procedure has recently been developed by CIDCO, Shom and ENSTA Bretagne. The ambition is a new robust and objective methodology that provides a solution for the boresight angles and the latency and lever arms estimation, based on a specific data selection procedure for a plane-robust least squares adjustment model. This solution also saves time during acquisition and processing. Figure 2 details the classical geo-referencing equation of bathymetric data as well as the quantities that MSPAC (Multibeam System Parameters Automatic Calibration) aims to resolve using three sub-modules: MIBAC (Multibeam IMU Boresight Automatic Calibration), LAAC (Lever Arms Automatic Calibration) and MILAC (Multibeam IMU Latency Automatic Calibration).
Results and distribution
The results of these algorithms are presented in detail in articles [2] and [3]. An example of the data selection made by MIBAC is shown in Figure 3. In this figure, the seabed is modelled as a grid of surface elements. For each element, a sensitivity criterion is calculated to indicate areas where boresight angles cause the most distortion of the seabed.
Figure 4 shows the results of the comparison between a traditional patch test and MIBAC. These results have been freely distributed, so that everyone can experiment with and test these algorithms. The study reports (under ‘licence ouverte’/, a French open license) and the source codes (under CeCILL license, GPL compatible license) can be found at gitlab.com/GitShom/mspac/shom-mibac. The Shom disclaims any responsibility for the operational transfer as well as the maintenance of this software. Stakeholders are of course invited to use, improve and industrialize these source codes.
Industrialization
The software is being continuously improved by the open source community to allow customizations of various aspects such as:
- Total propagation of uncertainty.
- Planar surface element detection.
- Least squares estimation.
This will allow, for example, the incorporation of different methods for identifying planar surface elements such as [4]. Several internal parameters are currently inaccessible to the user, such as:
- Iterative thresholds.
- Statistical test parameters.
- Planar surface elements modelling.
As with all open source endeavours, the code can be parameterized to suit customer-specific needs either by CIDCO or third-party developers.
The current state of MSPAC is only available from a command line interface and a graphical user interface would greatly improve the user experience. We welcome this initiative to publish MSPAC codes under open source licenses and we look forward to working with stakeholders and members of the open source community on further developments of the MSPAC calibration suite.
Conclusion
The automation of the calibration workflow is an essential step in the droning of acquisitions at sea. Even if the results seem very interesting, it is also necessary to have a good quality positioning source (RTK or PPP) and a bottom morphology corresponding to a gentle slope to obtain the best results. In addition, the proposed solution makes it possible to provide a statistical uncertainty on the measurement as well as an objectivity that is difficult to achieve with the classical patch test. It also makes the automation of calibration procedures possible, especially for drones. The contact person for the MSPAC solution industrialization is [email protected].
Acknowledgements
This solution was developed through a NOCALIT/CALIB-1 research project between ENSTA Bretagne and Shom with funding from DGA (French Ministry of Defence). Thanks to DGA for supporting this project and for making it possible to disseminate these results.
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